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英语专八人文知识复习
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.
瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.
阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.
科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.
指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.
指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.
大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.
密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。
The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.
北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。
The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.
尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。
Yellow stone National Park黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.
黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。
Grand Canyon大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.
大峡谷在亚利桑那州的.北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。
Old Faithful老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.
老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。
Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.
唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧金山。 Indian Reservation印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.
印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。
New England新英格兰：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.
新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。
The Mountain States山地诸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.
山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。
The Pacific Coast States太平洋沿岸诸州：Washington, Oregon and California.
太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。
Mount McKinley 麦金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.
麦金利山高达6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是这片大陆上最高的山峰。
Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.
珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。
1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人“众河之父”Father of Waters）
2. Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A.
3. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，2000年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。
4. America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution? A. He is the head of the state B. He is the chief executive of the U. S. C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces
D. He is the head of his political party（√）
6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal. （proposed by F. D. Roosevelt）
7. The New England region’s cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.
1. 8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.
9. Which of the following is NOT America’s newspaper?
A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today C. Guardian （英国《卫报》）（√） D. The Milwaukee Journal
10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络（News and Cable Networks）
11. To the we第一文库网st of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美国大陆东部则是大西洋。
12. Detroit（底特律）, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.（自动化产业）
13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.
14. Washington D. C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.
15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.
A. defense B. citizenship and naturalization C. marriage （√）D. the regulation of foreign trade
16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.
17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.（罗得岛）
18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.
19. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.
20. The statue of liberty （自由女神）was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884. 21. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidential term is the longest. （12 years） 22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.
23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.
24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.（万圣节）
25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.
26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. （two for each state）
27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.
28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.
英国概况 1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A. England B. Scotland C. Ireland （√） D. Wales
2. Modern football game began in England. 3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.（义务教育）
4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. 5. The general election in Britain is held every five years.
6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain. 8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London.
7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.
9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.
10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.（泰晤士报市英国最长久的日报。）
11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.
12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.
13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.
14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party保守党 and the Labor party.工党
15. The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.
16. The Anglo-Saxons（盎格?-撒克?人）were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
17. Glasgow （格拉斯哥）is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh （爱丁堡）is the capital of Scotland.
18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
语言学 1. The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics 2. The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F. de Saussure’s book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century. 3. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
4. Competence vs. performance 语言能力与语言运用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in 1965. The two terms are similar with Saussure’s langue and parole. However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.
5. Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.（语音学）
6. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位学）
7. 音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。
8. Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形态学）
9. Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.
10. Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships. They are compound and derivation.
11. Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957（转换生成语法）
12. hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。
13. antonymy反义关系：（1）Gradable antonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relational antonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell
14. Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社会语言学
15. Sapir-whorf hypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。
16. acquisition（习得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.
Learning（学习）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules. 英国文学 1. Beowulf: national epic in old English 2. Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry; The Canterbury Tales 3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 4. Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. 5. Thomas More: Utopia 6. William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.
7. John Milton: Paradise Lost (great epic) 8. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 9. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
10. John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress (It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)
11. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language
12. In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. 13. National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns 14. William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)
15. George Gordon Byron: Don Juan 16. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
17. John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 18. In the Victorian Age (1836 ? 1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.
19. Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities; David Copperfield; Oliver Twist 20. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
21. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles 22. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair
23. George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion; Mrs Warren’s Profession (He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.) 24. John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga 25. James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”
加拿大概况 1. Maples are always used to symbolize Canada.
2. Canada was originally one colony of England. 3. The official languages of Canada are English and French.
4. The largest city in Canada is Toronto. 5. Canada was rated second in the world in terms of land area.
澳大利亚概况 1. Australia, as the world’s smallest continent and largest island, has a small population in relation to its size.
2. The national day of Australia is January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in January 26, 1788.
3. The capital of Australia is Canberra. 4. The largest city in Australia is Sidney.
新西兰概况 1. The largest city in New Zealand is Auckland.
2. The Maori（毛利人）are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.
3. James Cook claimed that Australia and New Zealand belonged to Britain in 1770.
美国文学 1. Captain John Smith usually was regarded as the first American writer.
2. “God help those who help themselves” is a citation from the work of Benjamin Franklin.
3. As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.
4. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
5. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is Ralph Waldo Emerson.
6. The American Scholar written by Emerson was regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.
7. Emily Dickinson: famous female poet in the 19th century America
8. Captain, My Captain by Walt Whitman was written for Abraham Lincoln.
9. Washington Irving was the first man of letters from the US to win an international reputation.
10. Mark Twain: Local Colorism; famous novels: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
11. Theodore Dreiser: naturalism; famous novels: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy
12. Jack London: Martin Eden (autobiographical); The Call of the Wild etc.
13. Ezra Pound: famous American poet in the 20th century, leader of the Imagist movement
14. Robert Lee Frost: famous American poet in the 20th century; famous poems: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, The Road Not Taken, Mending Wall
15. Ernest Hemingway: spokesman of Lost Generation; famous novels: The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms
16. F. Scott Fitzgerald: spokesman of the Jazz Age; famous novel: The Great Gatsby
17. William Faulkner: foremost southern writer of the 20th century; famous novel: The Sound and the Fury
18. Eugene O’Neil: leading playwright of the modern period in American literature
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